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: Writing clear, measurable, and unambiguous requirements that can be directly verified by a test case. Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design
The primary objective of digital systems testing is to distinguish between fault-free and faulty devices before they reach the consumer. Historically, this was achieved via functional testing—applying input stimuli to verify the truth table of the circuit. However, with modern circuits containing billions of transistors, functional testing is computationally intractable for comprehensive defect coverage. Consequently, the industry shifted toward , a methodology where testability is treated as a primary design constraint rather than a post-design verification step. digital systems testing and testable design solution
Because physical defects are too numerous to analyze individually, engineers use abstract models to simulate and detect them. Cambridge University Press & Assessment Stuck-at Faults Cambridge University Press & Assessment Stuck-at Faults
